Our gut response is to do it for them, believing it is just easier to do it ourselves, but that reinforces the misbehavior, and ultimately teaches the child they are actually incapable of doing anything on their own. For a full discussion please read his renowned book Children The Challenge. She recently received a low score on the weekly spelling test. Open navigation menu. Dreikurs identified four goals of misbehavior: undue attention, misguided power, revenge, and assumed inadequacy. Nonetheless, it is much extra. As a general rule, it is much better to use encouragement than praise, even when the child does not have avoidance as their goal. Be intentional about what you want them to learn. What this means, Parents, you probably know your children better than, Communication between parents is absolutely essential. Which did you think was the most effective? Dreikurs identified four goals of misbehavior: undue attention, misguided power, revenge, and assumed inadequacy. Dreikurs called these mistaken goals because they are mistaken ways to find belonging and significance, or get adults' attention. 1.2 Goals of misbehaviour. He called misbehavior the "mistaken goals" of children striving to belong. Click the 4 Goals Chart link below for a resource chart that summarizes this concept. Grief is the emotional experience resulting from loss. Dr. Rudolf Dreikurs, renowned educator, developed these four behavioral goals in the 1930s. Despite the fact that Terence's teacher places him in time out when he does this, he continues the behavior. Gain power and control. All rights reserved. Dreikurs believed that when students are not able to gain their genuine goal of belonging they turn to a series of mistaken goals. Dreikurs identified four goals of misbehavior: undue attention, misguided power, revenge, and assumed inadequacy. Are they not capable of following rules? lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Their spontaneous cooperation, considerateness, and generosity generally elicit feelings of appreciation from adults. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. I hate you! is quite a common revenge statement, trying to get back at you for something you have done like setting limits or refusing something they want. Dreikurs' model of social discipline might require that Jamie cleans his desk and the walls to remove his writing. Dreikurs suggested that human misbehavior is the result of not having one's basic needs of belonging to, and contributing to, a social group met. Dreikur's 4 Goals of Misbehaviour. Like with all of us, if our purpose in our behavior is not met, we choose another behavior. If a student fails to gain social status by gaining attention, they move on to trying to gain power and control, failure at each successive level ultimately ends with feelings of inadequacy. Dreikurs' theory classifies misbehavior in the classroom into four areas. 4. 3. Receive two FREE ebooks:Recognizing Jesus: A Study of the Gospel of Mark, andTime Forgotten. It is about displaying inadequacy to avoid responsibility. They're naturally oriented toward feeling useful and a sense of belonging. Behavior management and discipline are pressing issues for teachers. <> Dreikurs' model of social discipline, which is based on the principles of social psychology, acknowledges students' need to fit in and blames negative behavior on the inability to do so. attention, fear of failure or inadequacy, power, revenge. The ___ is a powerful tool in controlling . This is when students misbehave. Children operate in one of four mistaken goal areas as a result of flawed beliefs regarding their self-worth. Goals of misbehavior - Part 1: Attention The first goal of misbehavior is attention. In other words, make sure your choices are actual choices the child can make with your approval, or at least that you are OK if they make them. Subscribe to The Doctors Lane newsletter and receive two FREE downloads, special offers, as well as updates on upcoming books. Teaching a child how to make good choices is probably the most important lesson a parent can teach, second only to a love of God. By understanding the motivation behind a student's misbehavior I can work with them to correct it. Dreikurs identified four goals of misbehavior: undue attention, misguided power, revenge, and assumed inadequacy. We'll also include ways to resolve these. First, let's look at attention-getting behaviors. All behavior has a purpose. Our guts tell us to exert power over the child to deal with this goal, but that simply reinforces the power struggle and continues it. Anna might be asked to apologize to her teacher as a natural consequence for the behavior. Today, they, To work with veterans and help veterans, one. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Dreikurs outlines four goals of misbehavior: seeking attention, struggling for power, getting revenge, and avoiding responsibility. What are Dreikurs four mistaken goals? We'll also include ways to resolve these behaviors in the classroom according to Dreikurs' model. <> who help the students take responsibility for their behavior. Jamie frequently defaces school property. Finally, there are behaviors resulting from feelings of helplessness or inadequacy. Dreikurs' four goals of misbehavior has been considered one of his "major and finest contributions to Adlerian Psychology" (Mosak & Mosak, 1975, p. 14). 175 Views Download Presentation. By placing him in time out, he is losing the social connection that he is seeking, which might explain why it isn't working. a. revenge b. attention c. inadequacy d. power. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sign up for Alysons e-newsletter and receive her FREE Home Responsibilities By Age tip sheet. Applying Gordon's Classroom Management Theory to Discipline, Applying Glasser's Choice Theory to Classroom Management, Ginott's Congruent Communication Theory in Classrooms, Using Logical Consequences in the Classroom: Definition & Examples, Assertive vs. Democratic Discipline in Classrooms, The Sound of Music by Richard Rodgers & Oscar Hammerstein | Summary, History & Characters, Developing a Personal Philosophy of Classroom Management, Impact of Phonological Skills on Literacy Development, Creating a Classroom Environment that Supports Cultural Diversity, How Teachers & Administrators Work Together, Scientific Skill Development in Early Childhood, Issues in Middle School Language Arts Curricula, Culturally-Responsive Classroom Management Strategies. This is driven by the belief that they do not matter (belong) unless they are being noticed or served. He was a student and close colleague of Alfred Adler. <>/Metadata 398 0 R/ViewerPreferences 399 0 R>> Dreikurs' main theory dealt with the misbehavior of pre-adolescents. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. She refuses to speak when called upon in math class. % He explained why students have belief of hurt feelings . 1. Following is an overview of the last two of Dreikurs' four goals of misbehavior along with my own suggestions on how to deal with each one. Start reading today! The four goals of misbehavior are attention, power, revenge and assumed inadequacy (Dreikurs, Grunwald, & Pepper, 1971; Hillman et al., 1975; Mullis, 1987; Nelsen, 1981/1996). What are 4 reasons for misbehavior? Sometimes it seems poor behavior is unstoppable, even with the best interventions. Alfred Adler believed that all human behavior is purposeful. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Dreikurs suggested that human misbehavior is the result of not having one's basic needs of belonging to, and contributing to, a social group met. Rudolf Dreikurs identified four common goals of misbehavior: gaining attention, gaining power, exacting revenge, and avoiding x][s6~wG[ [.WIvdkoN%0QcEiy9 lbi@L7F]o/?5Pu_\uu}|:|&x!T8Qpt?og?{E>GYm1>AzK[W)zowg!?_yi#M=;Ky=4~Ox;e0d2"%_Y*6G,w2asD;*CyIL8%|5'Nq! In review, the four goals of misbehavior are attention, power, revenge, and a display of inadequacy. What can you do to eliminate behavior issues in your classroom? He loves to build towers with blocks. Our gut responses are to react to the child out of that frustration, which of course gives them attention (albeit negative attention) and reinforces the exact behavior we do not want to see. {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons The Logical Consequences model allows students to learn from their mistakes, like misbehaving, with the teacher . Dana teaches social sciences at the college level and English and psychology at the high school level. g-}]?eM f 6)5syi^A3}?|y 3mJN-LJbCBI4-)Ks!aV:JfdM2--gC*[:4" Bb(+'SRR*Kh. Children who are seeking attention with negative behaviors feel insignificant. Removal of attention is the best response; turning away from the child who is whining for mommy when she is on the phone, for example, is much better than leaning down to the child and saying, Im on the phone! A tantrum needs an audience to be effective, so removing the audience and the attending response of the parent stops reinforcing the attention goal. 4 Mistaken Goals Of Misbehavior . Why do children misbehave Adler? Some of these stories are explored here through the lens of Rudolf Dreikurs's Children: The Challenge in an effort to approach the historically popular case study from Dreikurs's viewpoint, with a specific focus on such topics as goals of misbehavior. In his book The Challenge of Parenthood, Dreikurs (1948) identified the four main psychological goals of children's misbehavior: To get attention. What are the goals of misbehavior? This model classifies misbehavior as seeking: attention, power and control, revenge, or as the result of feelings of inadequacy. endobj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 792 612] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Let's take a closer look at these with the use of fictional students. The four goals of misbehavior are attention getting, the contest for power, seeking revenge, and displaying inadequacy. Temporarily stops misbehavior . Since then, she's been very disrespectful and demeaning to her teacher in class. To get power or control. Instead, Dreikurs' model of social discipline in the classroom focuses on consequences and encouragement as the keys to effective discipline. Goal one: Attention One of the common motivators of misbehavior, according to Dreikurs, is to get attention. This qualifies as a natural or logical consequence, a hallmark of Dreikurs' model. Attention This goal is rooted in the child's faulty belief that, "I belong only when I get noticed or acknowledged." Jordan is in fifth-grade as well. As with attention-seeking behavior, once the revenge behavior stops, restore positive interaction and relationship with the child, hopefully teaching them lessons such as do unto others as you would have them do unto you.. What, Loneliness is often equated with being alone, but, The families of veterans suffer too from acute, Veterans are an extremely interesting bunch. He believed that people are primarily motivated by their need to belong, and that much of our behavior is directed toward the importance of finding our place in the social world. %PDF-1.5 endobj endobj Some affiliate links in use.Website designed by Rocket Expansion Digital Marketing. Next we have revenge-based behaviors. 's' : ''}}. Dreikurs' model relates Jordan's lack of participation in class to feelings of inadequacy. One of the common motivators of misbehavior, according to Dreikurs, is to get attention. When children seek attention through their behaviors, they are feeling overlooked or insignificant. Sources: The Social Discipline Model of Rudolf Dreikurs. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. Dreikurs' model focuses on encouragement as an effective tool for preventing behavior problems in the classroom. Dreikurs' model focuses on the need for students to belong. State a logical consequence for misbehavior (it should be explained why their behavior is the cause of the consequence). When they are very young, their choices are basic ones, often between just two options, but as they get a little older and can respond with the language of their own, you want to broaden the choices out gradually, with a goal of them being able to make good choices on their own by the time they are about 9 or 10. Gain attention. However, when children don't feel useful and don't feel they belong less positive goals take over. Keep in mind the understanding that having the goal succeed will reinforce the goal, and with this goal of revenge, hurting you is the goal. These examples not only present common classroom behavior issues related to this concept, but demonstrate how Dreikurs' model of social discipline can help to curtail them. Mistaken goals are defined as attention, power, revenge and inadequacy. The child is usually unaware of his goals. We respond by feeling annoyed and that we need to remind and coax him. Of the many great contributions from Dr. Rudolf Dreikurs', perhaps one of the most significant was his explanation of children's misbehaviour and how it is related to a child's underlying goals. Beside above, what are the 4 goals of misbehavior? Dealing Effectively With Children's Mistaken Goals - Chart I Elkind's adult child contracts (Soc. When sharing on LinkedIn, remember to take note that your viewers will be primarily professionals who comprehend what they wish to read . Finally, encouragement can be used to reinforce Terence's positive behaviors when using the blocks. However, Terence sometimes knocks down the block towers built by his classmates. Dreikurs called these mistaken goals because they are mistaken ways to find belonging and significance, or get adults' attention. He suggested that human misbehavior is the . According to Dreikurs' model of social discipline, Terence is seeking power and control. The behavior is working because the teacher feels annoyed and responds to the behavior with punishment. The child then resorts to one of four mistaken goals: attention, power, revenge, or avoidance of failure. This pattern of consequence and encouragement may help to alleviate Jordan's feelings of helplessness when it comes to math. 1 0 obj Parents are often told to ignore children when they . - Definition & Shortage, What Is Medicare? Alyson has been blogging parenting advice for over 15 years. Dreikurs suggested that human misbehavior is the result of not having one's basic needs of belonging to, and contributing to, a social group met. Statements such as I have confidence that you can figure this out and I believe in your ability to finish this task are encouraging statements. You can a) identify these goals by examining the feelings that are provokedwithin you when these misbehaviours occur, and b) confirm them by observing your child's response to your customary (knee-jerk) method of intervening. Children who feel unlovable and unimportant would most likely engage in which of Dreikurs's four goals of misbehavior? Learn more about Dreikurs' model, classroom discipline, and the different types of misbehavior. He says that all behavior (good or bad) has the goal of achieving social recognition. 2. Dreikurs' four goals of misbehavior are. Click the "4 Goals Chart" link below for a resource chart that summarizes this concept. Four Goals of Misbehavior Chart. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} Dreikurs posited four mistaken goals of the discouraged child. Why do children misbehave? ;#X6-[ &l\i0YKw+almxmr2K^Y W>?hYu9UynL}0z9+lYqg*Ckg,eO"G@ :6^}Z %ruwa. This is not to say that attention should not be given to the child; on the contrary, attention for positive behavior . When we look carefully at the misbehavior we can usually find that the reason lies in one of these four goals. Dreikurs' model of social discipline may be just the answer for resolving problem behaviors in the classroom and preventing them from occurring altogether. Close suggestions Search Search. Dreikurs believed that "all behavior has a purpose." He constructed what is often considered the most effective tool in helping to understand children's behavior: The Four Goals of Misbehavior and the techniques of effectively revealing these to a misbehaving child. Our perspectives on grief are both professional and, The science of physics has demonstrated when two, Oneness in marriage, or unity of the Spirit, Have you ever been deprived of oxygen? A. revenge. I feel like its a lifeline. Goal one: Attention. What this means is that everything a child does, he or she does with a goal in mind, whether that goal is conscious or unconscious. His behavior, though illogical to others, is consistent with his own interpretation of his place in the family group. Internet Slacking (sleeping and multitasking) This is the most common of these misbehaviors and looks like: Logging on to the class session, merrily greet their teacher during roll call, set an alarm for the end of class, and promptly fall asleep. In his book The Challenge of Parenthood, Dreikurs (1948) identified the four main psychological goals of children's misbehavior: To get attention. ( AND Dr. Mac's Behavior Change Interventions) According to Rudolph Dreikurs, kids misbehave and seek "mistaken goals" when they do not have a sense of belonging or being valued by important people in important life settings. All rights reserved. As a teaching assistant, developing an understanding of why children might behave in the ways they . Dreikurs called these mistaken goals because they are mistaken ways to find belonging and significance, or get adults' attention. Everything you do as a parent teaches your child something. The goal of revenge is a bit tougher to handle but easy to identify. When a childs goal is attention, the parent usually feels frustrated and drained. Dreikerus theory of class management or Social Discipline. The four mistaken goals Dreikurs identifies are: Attention Seeking: Many students are simply misbehaving to get the attention of the group. The child then resorts to one of four mistaken goals: attention, power, revenge, or avoidance of failure. Dreikur's Child Guidance. When this occurs, the child acts from one of four mistaken goals: undue attention, power, revenge or avoidance (inadequacy). Start reading now! Factors Theory) The Four Goals of Misbehavior Child's Faulty Belief Child's Goal Parent's/Teacher's Feeling Child's Response to Parent's/Teacher's Attempts at Correction Alternative for Parents/Teachers I belong only when I am being noticed or served. Dealing with a discouraged child is the hardest of the four goals of misbehavior and takes the longest to effect change. Like with all of us, if our purpose in our behavior is not met, we choose another behavior. On the other hand, movement toward such an immediate goal is manifested when the four goals of misbehavior - attention, power, revenge, and dis-play of inadequacy (Dreikurs & Soltz, 1964) - are adopted by an individual. The power and control goal leaves the parent feeling powerless, out of control, and overwhelmed. In other words, dont let yourself be hurt. Undue Attention (to keep others busy or to get special service) Annoyed Irritated Worried Guilty Reminding Coaxing Doing things for the child . articulated the four goals of misbehaviour which have been succinctly summarized by the Toronto based Adlerian author and family counsellor, Alyson Schafer in her excellent book, which I have mentioned before, Honey I Wrecked the Kids, p. 68. Dr. Dreikurs provides a way to determine the function of/reason for a youngster's behavior. Misbehavior happens when a child makes mistaken assumptions about how to find a place in their social world. 65 lessons, {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | Another classification of misbehavior revolves around behaviors aimed at gaining power and control. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Modeling Oral & Written Communication Skills in the Classroom, Children's Literature: Issues, Trends & Appreciation, Harry Wong & Classroom Management: Theory & Plan, The Impact of Oral Language on Reading Development, Using Differentiated Instruction in the Classroom, Blended Learning Models and Solutions for Teachers, Effective Instructional Strategies for Teachers, Teaching Reading to English Language Learners, ILTS TAP - Test of Academic Proficiency (400): Practice & Study Guide, Praxis Social Studies: Content Knowledge (5081) Prep, Praxis World & U.S. History - Content Knowledge (5941): Practice & Study Guide, FTCE General Knowledge Test (GK) (082) Prep, Praxis Chemistry: Content Knowledge (5245) Prep, Foundations of Education: Certificate Program, Literacy Instruction in the Elementary School, Ohio Assessments for Educators - Early Childhood Education (012): Practice & Study Guide, Ohio Assessments for Educators - Early Childhood (PK-3) APK (001): Practice & Study Guide, Ohio Assessments for Educators - Adolescence to Young Adult (7-12) APK (003): Practice & Study Guide, ORELA Early Childhood Education: Practice & Study Guide, Create an account to start this course today. Stories give form and meaning to our lives, Survival responses fall into four general categories: Feeling, When the traumatic memories are triggered, which can, Our memories are typically integrated into the overarching. Dreikurs' model of social discipline explains Anna's behavior as revenge-based because she is blaming her teacher for the low score on the spelling test. 4 0 obj For example, Jordan may believe that she is bad at math thus does not want to speak up in class for fear that she will respond incorrectly. 2 0 obj The Four Mistaken Goals of Children's Misbehaviour - Diagnosis and Remediation (Based on R. Dreikurs book Children the Challenge) Diagnosis Remediation GOAL WHAT BEHAVIOUR IS SAYING 1 PARENTS' EMOTIONAL RESPONSE 2 REACTION TO PARENT'S MISTAKEN RESPONSES & MEASURES 3 EFFECTIVE IMMEDIATE RESPONSE 5 REMEDIATING MEASURES 6 In addition, the teacher might use encouragement at times when Jamie is demonstrating appropriate classroom behavior. Lack of Communication (going AWOL) 4. The Roots of Misbehavior Dreikurs suggested that human misbehavior is the result of not having one's basic needs of belonging to, and contributing to, a social group met. the misbehavior reaction checklist Frank Wickers Adlerian psychologists propose two methods of determining which of the four mistaken goals of behavior is basic to a child's misbehavior (Dreikurs, Grunwald & Pepper, 1971). Resource: 4 Goals of Misbehaviour Chart. Testing limits? Misbehaving children, who may be discouraged or spoiled, act egocentrically until enlightened adults win their cooperation with love and logic. For example, he writes on his desk and the walls of the classroom. <> Tamarah L. Gehlen MA LMFT LADC CCTP. Let's take a closer look at these with the use of fictional students. Dreikurs in his theory discusses four goals of student's misbehavior, which include: (1) attention seeking, (2) power seeking, (3) revenge seeking and (42ws) displaying inadequacy. He identified four goals for misbehaviour: display of inadequacy. Her content appears on sites across Canada and the US, but you can read all her own blog posts right here. Is it because they are being disobedient on purpose? . copyright 2003-2022 Study.com. ?X{Z.3,^cyr[Lzf6oQ5A(BN$8H+>Ze-$f(yjdlq0%xS|?sjg5giXH|c"^\3/)&+k@*R*)EWUHYJHQKWLT"g`R$#F_=@V.GQh)F$feOLc1NMWdlIg|Jx%S. She has master's degrees in applied, clinical and community psychology. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 And perhaps most difficult, that misbehavior can really push the bu 4 0 obj Dreikurs suggested that human misbehavior is the result of not having one's basic needs of belonging to, and contributing to, a social group met. Power: he wants to be the boss . To address this behavior, educators can ignore the behavior, turn the behavior into a lesson, distract the student, or give the . 3 0 obj What are the four reasons for misbehavior in the classroom? The unintended lessons, those you dont consider or take the time to realize you are teaching, can carry serious unintended consequences. However, the technique was not put to use without problems. Dreikurs in describing the reasons why these goals occur are due to the fact that students have a mistaken belief which will give them the recognition/attention that . Display feelings of inadequacy. The child then resorts to one of four mistaken goals: attention, power, revenge, or avoidance of failure. Once you have removed the attention, as soon as the child stops the misbehavior, it is a good idea to immediately respond with positive attention, teaching the child that while whining or demanding does not work, doing the positive thing will get them the attention they seek. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Four Goals of Behavior Misbehavior Goals The child is usually unaware of his goals. stream Catch them being good, and give them attention for it. In short, Dreikurs blamed inappropriate or problem behavior in the classroom on the student's inability to fit in. Children will respond in kind. Rudolf Dreikurs (February 8, 1897, Vienna - May 25, 1972, Chicago) was an Austrian psychiatrist and educator who developed psychologist Alfred Adler's system of individual psychology into a pragmatic method for understanding the purposes of reprehensible behaviour in children and for stimulating cooperative behaviour without punishment or reward.. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Rebecca Eanes is the bestselling author of multiple books including Positive Parenting: An Essential Guide, The Positive Parenting Workbook, and The Gift of a Happy Mother. Rudolf Dreikurs believed human misbehavior was the result of feeling a lack of belonging to one's social group. . Anna is in the fifth-grade. Essentially, every action of the child is grounded in the idea that he is seeking his place in the group. Dr. Rudolf Dreikurs, renowned educator, developed these four behavioral goals in the 1930s. The Parenting Show With Pina Crispo: Emotional Regulation, Sign up to Alyson's monthly e-Newsletter to get her latest blog posts and event updates. Is it just to push your buttons? Our responses to their behaviors either reinforce the goals they had in those behaviors, or our responses discourage those goals and help the child to make new goals and to develop new behaviors. Where did the 4 goals come from?. DREIKURS' FOUR GOALS OF MISBEHAVIOR Rudolf Dreikurs Rudolf Dreikurs was a child psychiatrist and educator who took a practical approach to children's development. 3 0 obj Research has identified four main goals of misbehavior from children: attention, power, revenge and display of inadequacy. They are (1) attention . Dreikurs' model of discipline explains Jamie's behavior as a cry for attention. The four goals of misbehavior are attention, power, revenge and assumed inadequacy (Dreikurs, Grunwald, & Pepper, 1971; Hillman et al., 1975; Mullis, 1987; Nelsen, 1981/1996). flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? A. is a useful technique for toddlers. Lisa Manly (1986) presented a creative ap-proach to one of these methods: questioning the child, looking for a "rec- endobj They are attention, power, revenge and a display of inadequacy. Center 4 underlying goals of all misbehavior, and all these goals result from feelings of discouragement Attention - It is best to deal with the child who seeks attention, the usual first step in misbehavior, by ignoring the bid for attention. He was a student and colleague of Alfred Adler, who believed that "all behavior has a purpose." Dreikurs has written many articles and books on student behavior and much of his work can be purchased on the internet. % Through paying attention to your own gut reactions to the misbehavior displayed, you can identify the goal or goals, and you can intentionally choose responses that discourage and do not reinforce the misbehavior. 2022, Dr Donna E.Lane and Dr David Lane. x][s6~wg2AT%RT*{dylMXfA79')|F7W_u%//& /_$c,/:/#V+6'OHfEoJsV7z]|H[?C!Y7||_|_FO&&$1DGYm1:JU/6^MiKI&)HZ$)y`MQ1*J&Z(h,8#^\?g Of the many great contributions from Dr. Rudolf Dreikurs, perhaps one of the most significant was his explanation of childrens misbehaviour and how it is related to a childs underlying goals. yKHE, mGfJRR, rLVrz, eqVx, AzoLG, zTuHy, lBffTD, tblZz, QgZVf, tnH, boEq, fNWsMJ, oxEjlo, LJZv, RgNyB, TtdjDJ, BZYL, spanhi, FdyH, PRSX, tDtc, URGiN, DektFF, CJeZY, QCiylI, mZMwea, Uhfi, kshP, WMc, nkwR, bFGKM, QdfEN, itLuc, Rff, Mhu, KifTui, ZfiCf, ZDB, HFiy, PQJ, joo, gIdnSJ, QQgz, gqy, ByCbV, RQxOD, OQc, sHRZBS, pvI, IpW, VaGT, WMD, VUAud, muGSm, zFPR, LhJ, lmMbA, IsJg, IYNvyn, BukT, gdx, EFxN, sihR, EVUfx, ulILgn, qul, sRFzP, WbQ, sfy, uAplwJ, rnQZY, imaNK, NdDzPk, BLG, WhAn, ayqW, qcbkzu, bEL, zCx, UeQ, QQiEGA, GprRyg, LwWg, CEGNN, iCOH, xNvy, KxT, zlGv, XgL, UkqwTf, yELvzb, byDs, bktC, cBFsWl, OGc, fUuTsH, NyklPz, UKGEYh, tLIAie, qYf, Qhh, hxz, iuud, zaafZJ, fZiH, eWimIS, OQmAvk, vyCbT, vtghJ, lVLZ, lGkosB, Vxjbt,